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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: KHA-KRI |
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KIMERIDGIAN , in geology, the basal division of the Upper Oolites in the Jurassic system. The name is derived from the hamlet of Kimeridge or Kimmeridge near the coast
Webster
coast
Aylesbury
east
Sutherland
In England the Kimeridgian is usually divisible into an Upper Series , 600-650 ft. in the south
paper shales and clays with layers and nodules of cement-stones and septaria. These beds merge gradually into the overlying Portlandian formation. The Lower Series , with a maximum thickness of 40o ft., consists of clays and dark shales with septaria, cement-stones and calcareous " doggers." These lithological characters are very persistent. The Upper Kimeridgian is distinguished as the zone of Perisphinctes biplex, with the sub-zone of Discina latissima in the higher portions. Cardioceras alternans is the zonal ammonite characteristic of the lower division, with the sub-zone of Ostrea deltoidea in the lower portion. Exogyra virgula is common in the upper part of the lower division, and the lower part of the Upper Kimeridgian. A large number of ammonites are peculiar to this formation, including Reineckia eudoxus, R. Thurmanni, Aspidoceras longispinus, &c. Large dinosaurian reptiles are abundant, Cetiosaurus, Gigantosaurus, Megalosaurus, also plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs; crocodilian and chelonian remains are also found. Protocardia striatula, Thracia depressa, Belemnites abreviatus, B. Blainvillei, Lingula ovalis, Rhynchonella inconstans and Exogyra nana are characteristic fossils. Alum has been obtained from the Kimeridge Clay, and the cement-stones have been employed in Purbeck; coprolites are found in small quantities. Bricks, tiles, flower-pots, &c., are made from the clay at Swindon, Gillingham, Brill, Ely, Horncastle, and other places. The so-called "Kimeridge coal" is a highly bituminous shale cap-able of being used as fuel, which has been worked on the cliff at Little Kimeridge.The " Kimeridgien " of continental geologists is usually made to contain the three sub-divisions of A. Oppel and W. Waagen, Upper (Virgulian) with Exogyra virgula Kimeridgien Middle (Pteroceran) with Pteroceras oceani Lower (Astartian) with Astarte supracorallina; but the upper portion of this continental Kimeridgian is equivalent to some of the British Portlandian; while most of the Astartian corresponds to the Corallian. A. de Lapparent now recognizes only the Virgulian and Pteroceran in the Kimeridgien. Clays and marls with occasional limestones and sandstones represent the Kimeridgien of most of northern Europe, including Russia. In Swabia and some other parts of Germany the curious ruiniform marble Felsenkalk occurs on this horizon, and most of the Kimeridgien of southern Europe, including the Alps, is calcareous.. Representatives of the formation occur in Caucasia, Algeria, Abyssinia, Madagascar; in South
See " Jurassic Rocks of Britain," vols. v. and i., Memoirs of the Geological Survey (vol. v. contains references to literature up to 1895). (J. A. H.) KIl1JI, or QIMHI, the family name of three Jewish grammarians and biblical scholars who worked at Narbonne in the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th, and exercised great
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